I do this a LOT. In fact I just removed a broken stud from a aluminum head last week while it was in the truck. The best rod for sticking to the bolt is stainless. I've tried all other methods and nothing will hold to a hard bolt as well as stainless. While 7018 is ok for this I've found stainless to be better. Mig and 6011 don't hold well enough to get anything but the easiest to remove bolts out.
I just use a 3/32 308L rod for sticking to the bolt. Build up a pretty good pad on there. Then you can switch to 6011 to weld the nut to the stainless pad. It's much easier to get a good weld to the nut with the low flux of the 6011.