$73 an Hour
That figure =97 repeated on television and in newspapers as the average pay of a Big Three autoworker =97 has become a big symbol in the fight over what should happen to Detroit. To critics, it is a neat encapsulation of everything that=92s wrong with bloated car companies and their entitled workers.
To the Big Three=92s defenders, meanwhile, the number has become proof positive that autoworkers are being unfairly blamed for Detroit=92s decline. =93We=92ve heard this garbage about 73 bucks an hour,=94 Senator Bob Casey, a Pennsylvania Democrat, said last week. =93It=92s a total lie. I think some people have perpetrated that deliberately, in a calculated way, to mislead the American people about what we=92re doing here.=94
So what is the reality behind the number? Detroit=92s defenders are right that the number is basically wrong. Big Three workers aren=92t making anything close to $73 an hour (which would translate to about $150,000 a year).
But the defenders are not right to suggest, as many have, that Detroit has solved its wage problem. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler workers make significantly more than their counterparts at Toyota, Honda and Nissan plants in this country. Last year=92s concessions by the United Automobile Workers, which mostly apply to new workers, will not change that anytime soon.
And yet the main problem facing Detroit, overwhelmingly, is not the pay gap. That=92s unfortunate because fixing the pay gap would be fairly straightforward.
The real problem is that many people don=92t want to buy the cars that Detroit makes. Fixing this problem won=92t be nearly so easy.
The success of any bailout is probably going to come down to Washington=92s willingness to acknowledge as much.
Let=92s start with the numbers. The $73-an-hour figure comes from the car companies themselves. As part of their public relations strategy during labor negotiations, the companies put out various charts and reports explaining what they paid their workers. Wall Street analysts have done similar calculations.
The calculations show, accurately enough, that for every hour a unionized worker puts in, one of the Big Three really does spend about $73 on compensation. So the number isn=92t made up. But it is the combination of three very different categories.
The first category is simply cash payments, which is what many people imagine when they hear the word =93compensation.=94 It includes wages, overtime and vacation pay, and comes to about $40 an hour. (The numbers vary a bit by company and year. That=92s why $73 is sometimes $70 or $77.)
The second category is fringe benefits, like health insurance and pensions. These benefits have real value, even if they don=92t show up on a weekly paycheck. At the Big Three, the benefits amount to $15 an hour or so.
Add the two together, and you get the true hourly compensation of Detroit=92s unionized work force: roughly $55 an hour. It=92s a little more than twice as much as the typical American worker makes, benefits included. The more relevant comparison, though, is probably to Honda=92s or Toyota=92s (nonunionized) workers. They make in the neighborhood of $45 an hour, and most of the gap stems from their less generous benefits.
The third category is the cost of benefits for retirees. These are essentially fixed costs that have no relation to how many vehicles the companies make. But they are a real cost, so the companies add them into the mix =97 dividing those costs by the total hours of the current work force, to get a figure of $15 or so =97 and end up at roughly $70 an hour.
The crucial point, though, is this $15 isn=92t mainly a reflection of how generous the retiree benefits are. It=92s a reflection of how many retirees there are. The Big Three built up a huge pool of retirees long before Honda and Toyota opened plants in this country. You=92d never know this by looking at the graphic behind Wolf Blitzer on CNN last week, contrasting the =93$73/hour=94 pay of Detroit=92s workers with the =93up to $48/hour=94 pay of workers at the Japanese companies.
These retirees make up arguably Detroit=92s best case for a bailout. The Big Three and the U.A.W. had the bad luck of helping to create the middle class in a country where individual companies =97 as opposed to all of society =97 must shoulder much of the burden of paying for retirement.
So here=92s a little experiment. Imagine that a Congressional bailout effectively pays for $10 an hour of the retiree benefits. That=92s roughly the gap between the Big Three=92s retiree costs and those of the Japanese-owned plants in this country. Imagine, also, that the U.A.W. agrees to reduce pay and benefits for current workers to $45 an hour =97 the same as at Honda and Toyota.
Do you know how much that would reduce the cost of producing a Big Three vehicle? Only about $800.
That=92s because labor costs, for all the attention they have been receiving, make up only about 10 percent of the cost of making a vehicle. An extra $800 per vehicle would certainly help Detroit, but the Big Three already often sell their cars for about $2,500 less than equivalent cars from Japanese companies, analysts at the International Motor Vehicle Program say. Even so, many Americans no longer want to own the cars being made by General Motors, Ford and Chrysler.
My own family=92s story isn=92t especially unusual. For decades, my grandparents bought American and only American. In their apartment, they still have a framed photo of the 1933 Oldsmobile that my grandfather=92s family drove when he was a teenager. In the photo, his father stands proudly on the car=92s running board.
By the 1970s, though, my grandfather became so sick of the problems with his American cars that he vowed never to buy another one. He hasn=92t.
Detroit=92s defenders, from top executives on down, insist that they have finally learned their lesson. They say a comeback is just around the corner. But they said the same thing at the start of this decade =97 and the start of the last one and the one before that. All the while, their market share has kept on falling.
There is good reason to keep G.M. and Chrysler from collapsing in
2009. (Ford is in slightly better shape.) The economy is in the worst recession in a generation. You can think of the Detroit bailout as a relatively cost-effective form of stimulus. It=92s often cheaper to keep workers in their jobs than to create new jobs.But Congress and the Obama administration shouldn=92t fool themselves into thinking that they can preserve the Big Three in anything like their current form. Very soon, they need to shrink to a size that reflects the American public=92s collective judgment about the quality of their products.
It=92s a sad story, in many ways. But it can=92t really be undone at this point. If we had wanted to preserve the Big Three, we would have bought more of their cars.
Millwright Ron