For what it is worth here's my pennyworth.
I did use concrete paint on the concrete floor, to keep the dust down ...... a couple of coats and then put down rubber car mats around the working spaces to stand on. The benefit I have found is that the floor paint has now lasted 5 years or more (quite forget how long ago it was done, but long time gone) and the rubber mats allow standing whilst swarf is generally trapped in the mats squares or ribblets (depending on the type), easy to shake out, below the feet, and the workshop vacuum cleaner gets the stuff out as well.
OK, the mats have funny shapes 'cause I have not got any mudguards and things to go around in the workshop, but they do save the odd 'ding' from slippery fingers.
The other plus is that they are warm to the feet rather than cold concrete.
The meet the criteria of not costing too much as well.......
Seasons greetings and good cheer to all
Alan