Just so.
Before getting a clue, I tried muriatic (hydrochloric, HCl) acid, battery (weak sulfuric, H2SO4) acid, nitric acid for cleaning ornamental forgings. None of those was good and the HCl was the
*worst* choice. It seemed to endow the workpiece with a permanent ability to rust further despite washing, neutralization and various finish treatments.Phosphoric acid is the answer. Diluted (I forget just how much, about
50:50 with water) from the syrupy industrial product (68% IIRC) and heated with an immersion heater if your workshop is chilly, it not only removes fire scale and rust but leaves a protective iron phosphate coating that further deters rust. That last feature, the residual protective effect, depends very much on just what you do after you remove the workpiece from the acid. Too much H2PO4 left on the metal will be scummy. Too vigorous washing, scrubbing, abrasives, other chemical treatments will eliminate the protective phosphate effect. Experiment.Note that if you use shallow trays/containers and immersion heat, the water in the H2PO4 acid bath will gradully evaporate, increasing the concentration of the acid. That will make it work *less* well. Add some water if notice that happening.
Another upside is that phosphoric acid is far less dangerous and/or bothersome to work with than the others. Yes, you *reallY* don't want to splash it in your eyes, you don't want to drink it.[1] But overlooked spatters are unlikely to leave you with burns, disintegrating cotton clothing and other annoyances.
[1] The amount in your favorite carbonated beverage may eat your teeth a bit. Enjoy but *still* don't drink your industrial-strength pickling bath. :-)