Oddly I got a book on caving this weekend at the local bookstore.
There was a discussion about carbide lamps in it, and I went to look at one of mine which has been on the shelf for a few years. The book said it was bad to leave carbide in lamps, and sure enough I had left part of a charge in mine, and I had trouble getting it back open again.
The carbide was all powder, as you mentioned. I thought it had been completely used, but to be on the safe side I took the bottom outside before filling it up with water.
It turned out to be mostly *un* used carbide! Damn that thing got hot in a hurry. Plus it was a large size, 'supervisors' lamp so it got excititing. Glad I didn't do that inside.
Jim