Gluing aluminum

Sep 29, 2007 64 Replies

I have long been of the opinion that, if you have to rely on glue for attaching something to aluminum, you should rethink your design.



I am changing my mind.



A little over a year ago, an artist friend of mine asked me to help her out.



She had been having photographs printed large (24"x32"), having them mounted to a sheet of aluminum. and attaching a frame made of 1" sq alum tube to the back to act as a stand off when hung on a wall.



The outfit she had been using in Milwaukee to do the work, got shut down on an OSHA beef and she wanted me to do the final assembly.



She tells me she has that she has bought the special glue and dispenser that they were using.



"Wait a minute!" I sez, "Aluminum and glue don't mix"



But somebody else has already done it and this isn't a life safety application. So, I call an engineer at Lord Adhesives to ask him about application techniques.



I ask him if I have to sand the metal, or etch, or use some special primer, and he sez "No,".



"This stuff is specially designed to work with dirty metal. That's why it works well on aluminum. You don't need any special surface prep. You don't want chunks of dirt or dripping oil, but finger prints and light oxides are not a problem."



Well it worked a treat.



Months later I have another aluminum job. This one needs me to rivet the short edge of some 1/2"x 1.25" anodized alum glass channel to 6 ft long



1.75" anodized aluminum angles. The channels are attached perpendicular to the angle and I used the adhesive to glue them temporarily to the angle while I drilled the rivet holes.

There was only a 1/2"x1" glue surface on each one (2 per angle, 144 angles) but despite rough handling not a single one got knocked off.



Last week I had another aluminum job.



A small museum without a lot of money, needs some stands made. After talking the designer out of some grandiose ideas, I point to the aluminum angle falloff from the other job, and say, "I can make you some out of that real cheap.".



The design we ended up with was a bunch of simple, flat, angle frames about



16" square.

The corners were simple lap joints with a short piece of angle mounted in the inside of the corners to act as a gusset.



I figured that I would glue it and rivet it like the other assembly. but, when the glue was set, the joints were so strong that the rivets were a waste if time.



I did some more research and this glue has a shear strength of 475 psi. That means each glued corner has roughly the same strength as if it were put together with 16 standard strength 1/8" solid alum rivets. I have a spare frame here, that I have been sitting on and rocking back and forth. The angle flexes, but no sign of glue failure.



Anyway, this stuff was Lord #406-19, a two part acrylic adhesive. It costs about $13 bucks a tube and because of a 4-1 mix ratio you need a special glue dispensing gun.



I am not affiliated with the company, just an impressed consumer.



Paul K. Dickman


I watched Modern Marvels last night. A program I had recorded sometime ago about adhesives. They showed this really miraculous 3M adhesive tape for any metal to metal or other adhesion that would knock any number of rivets out of the ballpark. Something something 8 --- need to sharpen the brain.

Very cool!

messagenews: snipped-for-privacy@news3.newsguy.com...

Airliners are glued together, specifically wings.

Epoxy cement on clean aluminum has a tensile strength of 4,000 PSI.: LePages 24 hr cure, hardware store, type stuff.

Would I trust my life on a home-baked glue joint? Probably not....well, maybe if properly tested.

Wolfgang

My BS meter is pegged!

The problem is that it doesn't fail in shear. More like peel.

475 psi shear is pretty low...

Well, oh wise one, why don't you educate us ignorant folks with your deep insight in the fabrication of airliners and the application of epoxy adhesive!!

Wolfgang

No.

Don't think I'll take that bait, Wolfie.

Research it yer own bad self...

Richard

On Sat, 29 Sep 2007 23:36:18 -0500, with neither quill nor qualm, Richard J Kinch quickly quoth:

I've been using the industrial acrylic adhesive-backed velcro for my glare guard product and it's simply amazing stuff; ten times as sticky as the old stuff. The expensive stuff is surely ten times more stable than this, too. I'm sold on acrylic adhesives. But on plane shells? Shiver me timbers!

-- Exercise ferments the humors, casts them into their proper channels, throws off redundancies, and helps nature in those secret distributions, without which the body cannot subsist in its vigor, nor the soul act with cheerfulness. -- Joseph Addison, The Spectator, July 12, 1711

unless you are glueing in an inert atmosphere after removing all surface oxide you are actually just gluing to the oxide layer. how strong is that oxide bonded to the underlying aluminium?

Stealth Pilot

They don't glue to the oxide. The standard treatment for gluing airplanes together, since the late '70s, has been a pre-treatment of PAA, then a high-strength epoxy, and rivets at the edges where there is any chance of peel or cleavage loads ("rivet-bonding"). The rivets don't contribute significantly to shear strength; they're just there to prevent the initiation of peel. The epoxy is bonded to the anodizing.

There are some places where they use no rivets at all. This has been going on for more than 25 years. The shear strength of the epoxies used in aircraft bonding often run up around 8,000 psi or more.

FWIW, the Lotus Elise chassis is made of aluminum extrusions that are bonded together with epoxy.

-- Ed Huntress

I think I'd rather take the train or bus thanks.......

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I wrote articles almost identical to those 25 years ago. IIRC, the L-1011 had a carbon-fiber tailfin, as well. And the other story is the same old, same old for the high-performance composites business. Very little appears to have changed.

A lot of people don't realize how much epoxy is used throughout the structure of an airliner. They probably don't want to know. d8-)

However, they also don't know how much fatigue becomes a problem in all-aluminum aircraft that were designed over the last few decades. DC3's are still flying because the engineers didn't know what a reasonable safety margin was. Now they know, and the life of those planes is finite.

-- Ed Huntress

I was told by late father, who was in the aerospace industry in the UK and later US as a stress analyst, maybe 25 years ago that one of the reasons the DC3 kept flying because you could still get fuselages and wings. When the life of the wings was up you bought new ones and the same with the fuselage. I expect like many planes the airframe life is also re-evaluated after actual service conditions have been experienced and extended or otherwise revised.

>

I think that's true, but I flew in DC3's in Canada's Northwest Territories that still had fabric-covered control surfaces. Those were *old* DC3's, and it was only 20 years ago that I flew in them.

They just stood up a lot longer. They also had severely reduced load capacities because of the overbuilding.

And there is replacement in newer aircraft that extends their lives. Still, everything is built closer to the limits in newer planes.

-- Ed Huntress

I believe that the aluminium alloys used were different enough that although they had less strength/weight, they also were less laibe to fatigue.

Yes, that's also true. But the big factor was that the safety margins for aluminum in fatigue were not well established, and commercial planes were overbuilt.

I also read a story by an old-time pilot who said that the best plane to be caught in during a storm was a DC-2, because it was so overbuilt, and its wing loadings were so low, that it was ridiculous. It would stand up to violent storms that would tear a DC-3 apart.

-- Ed Huntress

I'm sorry. I wasn't clear enough.

475psi wasn't the yield point. It was the UL rated strength for sign applications, presumably derated with a suitable safety factor for loads hung over the public way.

The yield point in lap shear is 2650 psi. The peel strength is 25 pli.

Paul K. Dickman

messagenews: snipped-for-privacy@news3.newsguy.com...

I was building a homebuilt that had a number of aluminum fittings bonded into the epoxy-glass structure. I had to sell it when my wife found out what the engine was going to cost, but I did get to ride in and fly another of the same design. As in any gluing operation, cleanliness is next to godliness :-)

If fabric covered what was the structure of the control surfaces made of?. I don't know much about wood structures so don't know if they suffer from fatigue.

In the science museum in London there is a section of a 747 fuselage. It's quite surprising how thin the outer shell is, looks to be about

2.5mm from memory. Not that I have a problem with that as with a background in engineering I know some damn good people design these things and the 747 is a strong aircraft judging from the bits that has fallen off them and they still kept flying.

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