Actually, prior to sound technology, the standard frame rate was 16 fps, corresponding to a film speed of 12 inches per second. Requirements of the sound system raised the speed to 24 fps or 18 ips, which is the standard for
35mm film to this day.Prior to the coming of sound the speed at which pictures were shown was very sloppy. Many downtown theatres were supplied with dc current, and even where ac was available the frequency was not accurate or consistent in many cases. Most silent installations had a speed adjustment which was adjusted to make the length of the film, uh, "convenient." Some of the high class places had a speed control on the conductors podium so the picture would stay in sync with the music. The first Western Electric sound systems incorporated motor speed regulation as part of the installation. In the case of dc supply, there was an ac generator, about 3 kHz, mounted on the motor shaft which was connected to a resonant circuit. The voltage across the circuit was detected and amplified by a pair of 242 tubes which controlled the field of the DC motor. The ac system used wound-rotor ac motors with a similar connection.