In the colder parts of Canada (i.e. most parts), a reinforced concrete foundation-cum-basement extends from below the frost line (4-6 feet or more) to at least 2 feet above ground. The wood frame sits on that. My bungalow (built 1997) is framed in 2x6 lumber with R20 insulation; outside is covered in OSB (waferboard), plastic vapour barrier and vinyl siding or brick. Inside has vapour barrier, horizontal metal lath and
5/8" (16mm) drywall. The ceiling joists (2x8?) have blown-in insulation. Windows are thermopane, vinyl clad; outer doors are insulated metal with magnetic draught seals. High-efficiency fan-forced-gas-fired hot-air furnace and water heater use ABS drain pipes for exhaust - you can put your hand on them. My shed (used for storage only) is ventilated but not insulated, and sits on a pad of 2x2' concrete slabs. Wood used in its construction is pressure-treated against rot.