I've read that injecting high current DC into 3-phase motors is a method of stopping them, but I don't recall reading anything similar for single-phase motors. One reason may be that the actual ends of the windings aren't externally accessible on most single-phase motors (rarely are).
If one were to try the DC injection method with a single-phase motor, and I can't think of anyone better qualified than you (no, really), they may need to make connections to the actual ends of the stator (run?) winding(s), especially if the motor is a capacitor start and/or split-phase motor. I don't think passing the DC current thru the centrifugal switch would be appropriate.. certainly not appropriate for the capacitor.
The only AC motors, other than 3-phase motors, that I'm aware of that are designed to be stopped (and reversed) quickly are PSC motors. This is one of their features. They essentially act like a 2-phase motor, but are powered with single-phase AC.