Unfortunately, Helge, the text you are creating as the basis for a protuded letters isn't text in the usual sense, not as is text in table or text in a note. It is simply sketcher entities, such as lines and arcs. The usual Style functions for text, such as horizontal and vertical centering, are not available.
I think you were on the right track with trying to create something to anchor the text to and give it some centered reference. I would suggest though a sketched datum curve in the shape of the rectangular text area that you would like the text to occupy. Use the left side to draw the text height, check the box on the text definition interface that says 'Place along curve' and pick the base of the box as the curve to follow. This will give you a horizontal and vertical anchor point, and will be useful in your case, though it was meant for creating curved text paths. To adjust the text to fit in the box horizontally, use the 'Aspect ratio' slider. Dimensions will be available to adjust text height and start location. Using this method, you can achieve text which is exactly centered.
David Janes